2016考研(普硕版)暑前作业:英语第四周

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  2016考研(普硕版)暑前作业:英语第四周

  第四周 科普类词汇

  1. 网络通信

  database 数据库 data bit 数据位

  search agent 搜索代理 interactive 交互式的

  key in 键入 post 黏贴,帖子

  keyword 关键词 repeated visit 回访

  match 匹配项 electronics 电子学

  telecommunication 无线电通讯 electronic mail 电子邮件

  teleconference 远程电信会议 distant conference 远程会议站

  sharing of information 信息共享 microprocessor 微处理器

  transistor circuit 晶体管电路 semiconductor 半导体

  electrify 电气化 research productivity 研发能力

  2. 生物医学

  evolution 进化 evolutionary theory 进化论

  natural selection 物竞天择 submicroscopic 亚微观的

  biomedical 生物医学的 molecular biology 分子生物学

  epidemic 流行病 cataract 白内障

  shot 皮下注射 depressant 镇静剂

  hallucinogen 迷幻剂 sulfuric acid 硫酸

  bypass 替代管 vaccine 疫苗

  immunization 使免疫 gene 基因

  simple sugar 单糖 tissue 组织

  hip 股骨 nervous system 神经系统

  central nervous system 中枢神经系统 surgeon 外科医师

  physician 内科医师 therapy 治疗

  clinical 临床的 symptom 症状,征兆

  physical addiction 生理上瘾 psychological disorder 心里失调

  psychological test 心里测试 mortality 死亡率

  variation 变异,变种

  3. 地理天文

  natural phenomenon 自然现象 drastic experiment 深度试验

  external result 外力作用的结果 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

  photosynthesis 光合作用 ozone layer 臭氧层

  atmosphere pressure 气压 air current 气流

  water vapor 水蒸气 saturation 饱和

  tidal wave 潮汐 hot spot 热点

  ice cap 冰冠 ice sheet 冰盾

  Ice Age 冰河世纪 land mass 大陆块

  Hemisphere 半球 gravitation 地心引力

  solar system 太阳系 light year 光年

  galaxy 星系 cluster 星云

  detector 探测器 space shuttle 宇宙飞船

  space exploration 宇宙勘探 vertical flight 垂直飞行

  decibel 分贝 velocity 速度

  阅读—科普类文章

  1995 Text 3

  In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

  In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

  Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.

  Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

  In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the trust saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

  59. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.

  [A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels

  [C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place

  60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.

  [A] they have to learn new things consciously

  [B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information

  [C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily

  [D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family

  61. From the passage we can infer that ________.

  [A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages

  [B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era

  [C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences

  [D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites

  62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.

  [A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

  [B] people should make the best use of the information accessible

  [C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information

  [D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

  1996 Text 5

  Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfunda- mentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.

  The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

  Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

  67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to ________.

  [A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion

  [C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

  68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________.

  [A] recommend the views of the evolutionists [B] expose the true features of creationists

  [C] curse bitterly at his opponents [D] launch a surprise attack on creationists

  69. From the passage we can infer that ________.

  [A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

  [B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

  [C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

  [D] creationism is supported by scientific findings

  70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.

  [A] a book review [B] a scientific paper

  [C] a magazine feature [D] a newspaper editorial

  1997 Text 3

  Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

  We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

  Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing, hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.

  59. "Substances abuse" (Line 4, Paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that ________.

  [A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used

  [B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takers

  [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

  [D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous

  60. The word "pervasive" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.

  [A] widespread[B] overwhelming

  [C] piercing [D] fashionable

  61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.

  [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time.

  [B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

  [C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases

  [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

  62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.

  [A] stimulants function positively on the mind

  [B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

  [C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

  [D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups

  1998 Text 1

  Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

  The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

  But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

  And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

  Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.

  Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.

  51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.

  [A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality

  [B] the blind could be happier than the sighted

  [C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things

  [D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

  52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________.

  [A] areas short of electricity

  [B] dams without power stations

  [C] poor countries around India

  [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area

  53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?

  [A] They bring in more fertile soil.

  [B] They help defend the country.

  [C] They strengthen international ties.

  [D] They have universal control of the waters.

  54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.

  [A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"

  [C] "Look before you leap"[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"

  第四周 1.BCAD 2.DBBA 3.DAAB 4.CDDC

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