2016考研(普硕版)暑前作业：英语第六周

　　2016考研(普硕版)暑前作业：英语第六周

　　第六周 从句与强调

　　从句

　　一、名词性从句

　　1、主语从句

　　1、that，whether，if引导的主语从句，其中if引导的主语从句不能置于句首。

　　That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious activity called remembering. (1995-TEXT5)经验会影响以后的行为，这表明：人存在一种显而易见但却不寻常的机能，这种机能叫做记忆。(is为谓语动词)

　　Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.(1995-Translation)其结果是否有价值，是否无意义或者是否产生误导，除了取决于测试本身，主要取决于使用测试的人。

　　2、(w)h- 引导的主语从句

　　What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. 与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。

　　When they will come hasn't been made public.

　　Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. (1995-TEXT3) 当今人们面临的问题是去哪里去寻求专家建议、以及如何决定接受哪些专家的建议。

　　3、形式主语(考研作文中常用句型)

　　But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。(take sth.seriously 认真对待)

　　It is still doubtful whether she would play the part.

　　It is no wonder that such a diligent and intelligent man has had great success in his life.

　　It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. (1990-TEXT2) 事实上，现今许多针对女性的歧视也消失了，银行和其他的金融机构的判断完全是基于商业目的而不关心其员工的性别。(该句的主干为It is also a fact that …，其中it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。该主语从句是个主从复合句，其中so that引导结果状语从句。该状语从句的主干结构为banks and other financial institutes make judgments，介词短语without caring …做状语。If引导的从句做caring的逻辑宾语。)

　　From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. (1998 -TEXT5) 从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止不动的，在过去3000万年里都没有移动过。

　　It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

　　It doesn’t come as a surprise to you to realize it.

　　It happened that she was out when we called.

　　It makes no difference whether he agrees to the plan or not.

　　2、宾语从句

　　Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next. (00 text4)十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看做是生存的首要动力。然而，目前日本在很大程度上已经满足其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标

　　At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient.

　　She asked him which platform the train leaved from.

　　The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three.联邦巡回法院颁布一项非同寻常的法令，称此案将由该法院全部12位法官审理，而不是通常的三人小组。(stating到最后是现分短语做定语修饰order，说明order的具体内容。)

　　You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories (1993 Translation)你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。

　　3、表语从句(表从比较简单，通常就是将从句置于系动词，尤其是is后边)

　　“The most likely explanation, it seems to me,” said Dr. Mead, “is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don’t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.”(1989-TEXT1) 该句的宾语由直接引语构成。该直接引语的主干为The most likely explanation is that …，破折号的部分对that引导的表语从句进行解释说明。该部分的主干为responsible society … is keeping an eye on us，不定式结构to see that …做目的状语。其中第一个that引导的从句做see的宾语，第二个that引导的从句做后置定语，修饰先行词chain reaction。 Set in motion开始，调动;把……发动起来

　　翻译：米德博士称“在我看来，最可能的解释是他们只不过是看看我们在做什么——我们太阳系之外有责任心的社会正留意着我们，以确保我们不会触发某种连锁反应，从而给太阳系之外的星系造成意想不到的影响。”

　　But it's not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. 但这不是说以前的时代没有经历过连续不断的战争、灾难和滥杀无辜。

　　4、同位语从句(补充说明名词的成分)

　　If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。

　　The debate whether there should be more free sports facilities for the public continued. 关于是否应该有更多的免费的体育设施对公众开放的争论从未停止过。

　　Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 有人表示担心，证人可能会受到鼓励，为了确保有罪的裁定而在法庭上夸大其辞。

　　二、定语从句

　　1、先行词(分析定从，最为首要的任务就是找到先行词)

　　People have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean.(fail to未能)

　　By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent.到1996年，在1979年之前到来的外国出生的移民拥有75.6%的房产所有率，

　　He likes climbing hills, which is a good exercise.

　　She said that she had no time, which is true.

　　He is quite lazy, which is known to all his neighbors.

　　And the cost of computing power continues to fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.计算能力的成本持续自由下降，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。(enterprise 后有一个现在分词做的定语。silicon原义是硅，这里指代的是互联网和计算机。)

　　2、关系词(关系代词，关系副词)(定从的核心内容就是围绕先行词和关系词展开的，关系词的选择和使用是定从的主要内容。)

　　It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by the information.

　　Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。

　　In 1963 Rose, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956,and who became his wife in the summer of the year, committed suicide.

　　At three he knows about 1,000 words that he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. 3岁的时候，孩子就能够掌握约1000个词并且用这些词语组成句子，4岁的时候孩子的语言和父母在语法上基本没有差别，只是语言风格还不一样。

　　For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture.例如，美国人所说的朋友一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭。

　　Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.科学家需要对动物权利倡导者做出有力的,因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听,从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步

　　In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. 在梦的世界里，逻辑失去效用，死人开始说话。

　　Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.民权活动家一直认为为什么黑人、西班牙裔和其他少数群体难以在生意上立足的原因是因为他们难以取得大公司的大宗定单和分包合同。

　　It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.这个理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它却将铁路部门处在一个决定哪些公司将会兴盛哪些会衰败的位置。

　　3、介词+which+名词(介词与固定的介宾搭配有关：in this case, in one’s honor)

　　He may be late, in which case we have to wait for him.

　　I called him by the wrong name, for which reason I apologized.

　　I learned this in childhood, at which stage I knew much.

　　As is shown in the two pictures, the same flower has different fate when put in different situations.

　　As we all know; as I can remember; as often happens; as you see; as has been said before; as is well known.as was/is expected; as we expect; as can be seen

　　He devised a plan whereby he might escape.计划

　　Teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.

　　Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.

　　三、状语从句

　　(一)时间状语从句

　　1、一般

　　(1)when/whenever

　　When I was about twelve, I suddenly developed a great passion for writing poetry.

　　When we meet, we tell each other the most absurd stories with the most serious faces.

　　As the sun rises over the foothills of Mount Song, thousands of young martial artists are kicking, punching and spinning spears and swords in unison on a huge open parade ground.

　　Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades.(1999-TEXT2)一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。

　　2、特殊

　　(1)the moment/ the minute/the instant/every time/each time

　　The moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.

　　Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.

　　I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives.

　　Each time you think of it, you may get a different opinion.

　　(2)instantly/immediately /directly/by the time

　　Instantly you press any key the program will start.

　　The policemen went into action immediately they heard the alarm.

　　By the time I finished my article, a new day had dawned.

　　(3)no sooner had…than/hardly had…when/ scarcely had…when

　　No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy.

　　He no sooner earns any money than he spends it.

　　No sooner had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. (1991-语法)

　　(二)地点状语从句

　　地点状语从句的引导词：where, wherever (或no matter where), everywhere 等。

　　The question is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works, whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, the program will end. 奥巴马在他的就职演说上说：“我们现在关心的问题不是政府是否太大或太小，而是这个政府是否有效运行。”

　　(三)条件状语从句

　　1、if/unless

　　A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.(1992-TEXT1)

　　2、if only/only if

　　I can buy the house only if a mortgage for 2000 dollars is available.

　　On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(1992-翻译)

　　[解析] 本题考核知识点：被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句、the same as 形成的对比句的译法。

　　本句主干为： ….such a conclusion can be drawn….，but only if ….and only if为两个并列条件句，表示主句成立必须满足这两个前提。两个条件从句中又分别嵌套了定语从句with whom he is being compared,和which they possessed，修饰先行词the other和information。

　　标准译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但前提是必须两个假定成立：这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子对测试的态度相同;他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

　　3、其他引导词

　　Supposing that it rains, can we play the match indoors?

　　Suppose that the news is true: what then?

　　We can all leave together—assuming the others aren't late.

　　Farmers will have a good harvest, assuming the weather is favorable.

　　I will agree to go providing my expenses are paid.

　　Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday.

　　In case you need something, please don't hesitate to let me know.

　　I will cooperate as long as I am notified on time.

　　So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.

　　I will lend you the book on condition that you return it on Monday.

　　I'll come on condition that John is invited too.

　　You can go out on the understanding that you wear an overcoat.

　　You can climb the tree on the understanding that you won't pick the apple.

　　四、让步状语从句

　　1、as, though

　　Though he is young, he knows a lot.

　　Young as he is, he knows a lot=Young though he is, he….

　　Newcomer as he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.

　　Strange though it may seem, it is reality.

　　Though (it was) cold, it was a fine winter morning.

　　Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in two days.

　　Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely.

　　Search though they would, they could find nobody in the house.

　　Detest him as you may, we must acknowledge his greatness.

　　Try as he does, he always fails in exams.

　　Fail as I did, I would try again.

　　2、although, while

　　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.(1999 text 1)

　　虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的(如警告药物有相互作用的危险)，并且很多是州或者联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。

　　3、even if, even though

　　Even if I have to walk all the day I’ll get there.

　　And the bank has done this even though its advisers say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. 尽管世界银行的顾问指出，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益，而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。

　　4、whatever, wherever, whenever, however

　　Whatever happens, we will carry on the experiment.

　　Call me when you get there, no matter what the time is.

　　Whatever decision he made, I would support it.

　　John and I did not see each other very often, but whenever I was in trouble he always came to me and offered his help.

　　5、whether or not

　　These credit cards make it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open.

　　I shall tell him the truth, no matter whether he likes it or not.

　　6、for all (that)

　　For all that he has made mistakes, he is still a noble man.

　　For all its clarity, the book is not easy reading.

　　7、despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that

　　Despite the fact that he is handicapped, he never feels inferior to anyone.

　　8、assuming that/admitting that/granting(granted) that

　　Granting that he has ability, it does not mean that he can do the work well.

　　五、原因状语从句

　　1、because, as, since

　　He can choose from different jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted to a choice within a small radius.

　　2、seeing, considering, given

　　Seeing that it's raining hard, we'll have to stay here for the night.

　　3、now that

　　Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident.

　　Now that we have all the materials ready, we should begin the new task at once.

　　4、as long as, so long as, in that, on the grounds that

　　As long as you are here, why don’t we discuss our plan?

　　Her claim was disallowed on the grounds that she had not paid her premium.

　　六、结果状语从句

　　1、so…that… / so that

　　The man is so strong that he can move the big stone.

　　He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.

　　The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts.这本书的写法使人对事实产生误解。

　　Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.

　　2、such…that / such that

　　such+(a/an)+(adj)+名词+that

　　I feel one must live in such a way that others may live better.

　　They are such good books that we all enjoy reading them.

　　Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。

　　3、to the extent that

　　“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.”许多医生似乎对病人们正在遭受的并且不必要的痛苦无动于衷，甚至达到了构成“系统地虐待病人”的程度。

　　七、目的状语从句

　　1、so that

　　The teacher spoke slowly so that everyone would understand.

　　They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time.

　　2、lest、for fear that

　　What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。

　　Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.

　　3、in the hope that

　　They did various jobs in the hope that they may buy a house.

　　4、to the intent that

　　The company spent a lot of money on ad. to the intent that their products will become famous.

　　八、方式状语从句

　　1、as(从句可以倒装：as+助动词+主语)

　　When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

　　Do as you are told.

　　They live as we all should live——undisturbed, indifferent, and without disquiet.他们过的才是理想的日子呐--静谧，淡漠、安宁。

　　2、(just) as…so…

　　Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability.这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

　　九、比较状语从句

　　1、等比句式

　　as…as

　　Physics is as important as mathematics (is).

　　The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake.在梦境很形象的快速动眼睡眠中，大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。

　　She is as good an actress as she is a singer.她当演员和当歌手都一样出色。

　　2、than

　　This River is longer than that one.

　　Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”在外国出生的亚洲裔和西班牙裔比在美国出生的白种人和黑种人有更多的异族联姻。

　　3、the more…the more…

　　The busier she is, the happier she feels.

　　The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.

　　强调

　　一、词汇手段的强调

　　1、使用助动词do对谓语动词的强调

　　英语的助动词do有一个很主要的用法：在肯定句中强调谓语动词，理解为“的确”、“确实”、“一定”等，被强调的谓语动词使用原形。应注意，在这种用法下它只有现在时(do, does)和过去时(did)。

　　So you did come after all.

　　But I do think you are a good cook.

　　2、使用程度副词、形容词或短语的强调

　　I can never get used to eating this kind of food.

　　二、句式手段的强调

　　1、使用强调句型的强调

　　(1) 强调句型：it+ be的一定形式+中心成分 ...that/who分句

　　It may be my book that he is reading.

　　It was she who met your brother in New York yesterday.

　　It was your brother who(m) she met in New York yesterday.

　　(2) 强调句子不仅可以采用肯定句形式，也可以采用疑问句，感叹句或从属分句等形式：

　　What was it that made you so happy?

　　He told me that it was because he was ill that they decided to return.

　　Nor is it only the ignorant and the ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine.

　　(3) 在not…until 句型中，如果强调的是由until 所引导的时间状语，not 须跟在until 之前，即构成It is not until…that 结构。

　　It was not until she took off her glasses that we recognized her.

　　(We didn’t recognize her until she took off her glasses.

　　Not until she took off her glasses did we recognize her.)

　　It was not until midnight that he went back home after the experiment.

　　2、cannot...too

　　该结构表示“不可能把某事做过头”，“怎样…也不过分”，“应尽量…”，“越…越好”的意思。

　　We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.

　　A book may be compared to the company you keep; if it is good, you can not keep it too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early.

　　3、否定词+ more

　　使用“否定词+ more”句型的强调，该句型表达最高级的肯定概念，表示“十分”、“非常”等。

　　I can not agree with you more.

　　They could not have been more wrong.

　　I can not care less.

　　三、语序手段的强调

　　某种打破常规改变词序的作法成为一种表示强调的手段。

　　1、前置表示强调

　　把在正常词序中出现较晚的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变词序，有时则引起倒装。不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语，主语补语和宾语补语。

　　A horrible mess you’ve made of it.

　　Fool Joan may be, but thief he is not.

　　2、倒装表示强调

　　At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

　　Only then did we realize that the man was blind.