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考研英语阅读英文原刊《经济学人》节选:网络

最后更新时间:2014-12-15 17:18:27
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  A tangled web

  错综复杂的网络

  Who goes online, and where

  谁在网上,在哪里?

  THE internet looks like an adman's dream. Counting how many times an advert on a bus shelter has been viewed is impossible; counting clicks on a blinking banner ad is a doddle. But knowing where each click came from, and how many people are clicking, is harder than it appears.

  互联网对于广告人而言太神奇了。没法计算公交站亭上的广告被观看的次数,但却可以轻而易举地计数一条屏幕闪动的广告栏的点击量。可是,要弄清楚每个点击从何而来,有多少人点击过,就比看起来难多了。

  Firms dedicated to click-counting put code on websites that reports the times, origins and frequencies of visits, or get consumers to install it buried in browser plug-ins or mobile apps.These record web-users' digital calling-cards: the internet-protocol (IP) addresses of the devices they are using. But to assume that each IP address represents a single user in its country of registration is a wild oversimplification.

  许多热衷点击量的公司,在网站上附加代码,用来跟踪访问的时间、来源以及频率,或者让用户安装隐藏在浏览器插件中或者是移动应用程序中的这些代码。这些代码记录网络用户的数字名片——这就是用户使用设备的互联网协议地址(IP 地址)。但如果想当然假设每个IP 地址就代表了在地址注册国的单个用户,那你就弱爆了。

  A new report published on November 4th takes a different approach. Global Web Index (GWI), a market-research firm with local partners in 32 countries, surveys 170,000 consumers a year and recently began to ask detailed questions about internet use. It puts China and India in the top three for Facebook users. Similar Web, which does IP-based analysis, does not even put China in the top ten (see maps).

  11 月4 日发表的一份新的报告则采用了不同的方法,全球网络指数机构(GWI)是一家市场调研公司,在32 个国家拥有当地合作伙伴,他们一年调查了17 万名消费者,并且最近开始探究互联网使用的细节问题。该机构将中国和印度放在3 大facebook 用户国的地位。而基于IP 地址分析的Similar Web,则甚至把中国排到10 名开外。

  One reason for the difference is that in many developing markets devices are widely shared (for tablets that is true pretty much everywhere). Conversely, more than three-quarters of respondents in the GWI report said they used more than one device. Another factor is the spread of virtual private networks (VPNs) and proxy servers, which make it possible to surf the web through a foreign server.

  造成如此差异的原因之一是在很多发展中市场中,设备被广泛共享(对于平板电脑则哪里都差不多)。相反,GWI 的报告中,超过3/4 的受访者称他们使用不止一台设备。另一个因素是虚拟专用网(VPNs)和虚拟服务器的广泛使用,使得人们能够通过海外服务器浏览网页。

  Once restricted to the tech-literate, these are now common and easy to use. Chinese citizens who want to vault the Great Firewall to use Facebook (banned in China) can do so with a couple of clicks. Foreign fans of the BBC can use the same trick to watch its programmes via iPlayer,supposedly barred outside Britain. Since VPNs and proxy servers are clustered in countries with favourable rules, such as Sweden and the Netherlands, any count of visits to such sites will be skewed.

  技术控一旦遇到限制,这类(通过海外服务器)的方式就会普遍而轻易地使用。需要翻墙使用Facebook 的中国公民(Facebook 在中国是禁止的),能轻点鼠标得偿所愿。需要通过IPlayer观看节目的国外BBC 粉丝可以如法炮制,而据说这是在英国以外不允许的。因为VPNs 和代理服务器的分布会根据趋利避害的原则,集中在例如瑞典和荷兰这样的国家,因此任何对上述类型网站访问的计数都会产生偏差。

  GWI's picture, it should be said, is far from complete. It misses out Africa entirely, except for South Africa. Self-reported data also have their pitfalls: LIRNEasia, an Asia-Pacific IT think-tank, recently found that many Indonesians who reported using Facebook said they were not internet users—perhaps because they were not sure that one implies the other. And much of the world is going mobile-only, particularly in developing markets; preliminary GWI data suggest that a quarter of web visitors in Indonesia and Vietnam use only a mobile (from which VPN access is,these days, just as easy). Yet both surveys and click-counting software were conceived and optimised for desktop users. Uptake of mobiles is faster than the effort to capture demographic data from them.

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