考研英语特训：看阅读记单词（十二）_跨考网

  It used tobe so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in thelaboratory would submit theresults of their research to a journal. Ajournal editor wouldthen remove the authors’ names and affiliationsfrom the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the commentsreceived, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchersseeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

  No longer.The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning whycommercialpublishersare making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—ismaking access to scientific results a reality .The Organization for EconomicCo-operation and Development ( OECD) has just issued a report describing thefar-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of VictoriaUniversity in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading forpublishers who have, so far ,made handsomeprofits.But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, beena key element of scientific endeavor.

  The value ofknowledge and the return on the public investmentin research depends, in part, upon wide distributionand ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishingmarket is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The InternationalAssociation of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there aremore than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subject. Theypublish more than1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

  This is nowchanging. According to the OECD report , some 75% of scholarlyjournals are now online Entirely new business models are emerging. three mainones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of onlinejournal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-accesspublishing, typicallysupported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to bepublished. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such asuniversities or international laboratories support institutionalrepositories.Other models exist that are hybrids ofthese three. such as delayedopen-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for thefirst six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes tosee it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.

  译文

  曾经一切是很直接的。一组在实验室合作的研究者会将他们的研究成果发给期刊杂志。杂志编辑会将作者名字和附件从论文上删去再交给同领域的其他研究者进行复审。编辑将根据得到的评价决定是发表论文还是退回稿件。版权归杂志发行人所有，研究人员要查询有关知识成果必须先购买杂志。

  但这已成为历史。因特网以及来自资金提供部门的压力——这些组织一直质疑为什么商业发行人通过限制资源来从政府资助的研究项目中牟利——使取得科技研究成果成为现实。经济合作和发展组织最新发布了一项报告描述了这将产生的意义深远的结果。这篇报告由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰.胡顿和经合组织的格拉汗.维克里合作完成，迄今已经获利丰厚的发行人来读这篇文章必定如芒在背。但是它的意义不仅如此，它标志着到现在为止一直是科学研究中的关键的东西将会发生改变。

  知识的价值和在研究上的公共投资回报部分来说，取决于广大的发行量和迅速的途径。这是一桩大生意。美国核心科技出版市场据估计市值70亿美元到110亿美元之间。国际科技协会，医学技术发行人组织表示世界范围内超过2000个出版机构是专注于这一些领域。他们每年在16000多种杂志上刊载出超过1200万篇文章。

  这些正在发生改变。根据经合组织的报告，75%的学术期刊在因特网上都能找到。全新的商业模式正在形成。报告作者将其分成三种主要模式。现在出现一种所谓的大杂烩，研究单位订阅者通过网站许可协议，购买网上期刊合集的使用权。还有一种开放式发行，一般需要作者（或者其雇主）为发表的论文付费。最后，还有一种开放路径的档案库，由一些如大学或者研究院所的实验室等机构扶持建立。其他类型的模式主要是这三种模式混合而成。延时开放阅览——期刊前六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文，然后对所有想读该论文的人免费开放。所有以上所述都可能改变同行复审流程的传统模式，至少对论文发行来讲是如此。

  词汇

  Affiliation n. 联系,从属关系

  例句：His wife'saffiliation to the best people brought him a good many of those patients. 他妻子与上流社会的交往又给他带来了许多病人。

  词组：democrats with noparty affiliation无党派民主人士

  Copyright  n. 版权,著作权

  例句：He retained thecopyright of his book. 他保留此书的著作权。

  Commercial a. 商业的,商用的, 商品化的n. 商业广告节目

  例句：A commercialcollege teaches things that would be useful in business. 商学院教授那些在商业中可能会有用的东西。

  词组：commercialdepression 商业萧条；commercialschool 商业学校

  Distribution   n.分配

  例句：It is importantto get even distribution of water and good penetration. 灌水时水量均匀分布和充分渗透是很重要的。

  词组：the distributionof wealth财富的分配thedistribution of profits利润的分配thedistribution of insects昆虫分类