2020考研英语秘籍之副词语法精炼

最后更新时间:2018-12-21 15:56:52
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  2019考研初试倒计时牌终于翻到了最后一页,对于想要参加2020考研的小伙伴们来说,基础复习是时候开始进行了,只要你决定了要考研,英语就是你逃不开的必考科目!那么英语词汇,永远都是你攻下英语的第一关,英语总是徘徊于低分的边缘,单词每天背也无济于事,提分难,难于上青天!当努力没有收获的时候,大家就要思考问题究竟出在了哪里,英语的高分不仅需要词汇量的积累,还要理解性的破题,自然,语法必不可少!

  语法的重要性帮帮已经说过很多次了,没有语法基础光靠背单词是不可能读懂长难句,也无法在阅读上取得高分的。为了方便大家记忆,小编整理了考研英语语法精炼,希望可以帮助大家更方便的学习英语~

  副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。

  例句: Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family's disappointment. (1997年第3题)

  分析: 该句是简单句,其中副词much修饰介词短语to the familys disappointment。

  译文: 我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐,这令全家人非常失望。

  一、副词的分类

  1. 时间副词,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。

  例句: Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. (选自2004年Text 4)

  分析: 该句是简单句。

  译文: 现在美国人不重视智力。

  2. 地点副词,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。

  例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (选自2002年Text 1)

  分析: 该句是复合句,两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story,前一个 which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句,起补充说明作用。

  译文: 比如说,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事,因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。

  3. 程度副词,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。

  例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(1997年第34题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,although后面跟的是让步状语从句。

  译文: 虽然付给她的报酬丰厚,但她无意去工作。

  4. 频率副词,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。

  例句: In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.

  分析: 该句是简单句,其中builtin意为“内嵌式的”。在方式状语中,that need to be served为定语从句,修饰the functions。

  译文: 此外,根据需要满足的功能,设计者通常必须选择家具或设计内嵌式家具。

  5.方式副词,表示动作发生或进行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully, well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。

  例句: You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.

  分析: 该句是复合句,if引导的从句表示与现在相反的虚拟语气。

  译文: 如果你的卧室内部突然变得和饭店内部一样,你可能会大吃一惊。

  6.疑问副词,如when, where, how, why, who。

  例句: So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (选自2002年Text 3)

  分析: 该句是特殊疑问句。动词warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定语,表示一种主动关系。

  译文: 那么这次警告人们经济萧条到来的头版新闻又在哪儿呢?

  7.关系副词,如when,where,why。

  例句: Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up.

  分析: 该句是复合句,主句是it is hard to imagine...。其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是to imagine that...to competition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S.是定语从句修饰the same threats; when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定语从句修饰a century ago。

  译文: 然而,目前几家石油公司的合并是否再次给竞争带来威胁难以预料。因为美国一个世纪前曾由于合并引发了一场竞争危机,造成了标准石油托拉斯的解体。

  8.连接副词,如therefore, then, however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides, nevertheless, when, where, why, how。

  例句: It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (选自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 该句是复合句,其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。 followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s作定语修饰the introduction。 although its impact on the media...是一个让步状语从句。

  译文: 然而,人们普遍认为,20世纪初出现的计算机以及随后在20世纪60年代发明的集成电路尽管对传媒的影响没有立即显现出来,但却彻底改变了发展进程。

  9.否定副词,如rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,never。

  例句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. (选自2011年Text 4)

  分析:该句是简单句。其中,分词短语showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby和 holding a cute baby分别作后置定语,修饰cover和mother。

  译文:展现“魅力妈妈怀抱可爱宝宝”的杂志封面并非本周报摊上唯一对“圣母与圣子”形象的描述。

  例句: Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients — notably, protein — to feed expanding tissues. (选自2008年Text 3)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是Growth demands calories and nutrients to feed expanding tissues。which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修饰主语growth的非限制性定语从句。后面的破折号起补充说明作用。

  译文: 20岁后很少有人再继续长高,长高需要热量和营养,特别是蛋白质,以满足身体组织生长的需求。

  二、副词的位置

  1.修饰形容词、副词,副词常置于它们之前(enough除外)。

  例句: The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response. (2000年第14题)

  分析: 该句是简单句,其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response作状语表示目的。

  译文: 在此起作用的机制显然有此倾向,即这种身体活动会利用应激反应中的潜在有害因素。

  例句: The newly-built Science Building seems substantial enough to last a hundred.

  分析: 该句是简单句,其中副词enough作定语修饰形容词substantial。

  译文: 新建的科学大楼看上去很坚固,一百年也坏不了。

  2.修饰实义动词时,副词常置于该动词后或该动词宾语后面。

  例句: The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. (1999年第8题)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为the solution works only for couples, 而who are self employed,...是修饰couples的定语从句。

  译文: 这一解决办法只适用于那些自谋职业、没有小孩子而且大部分时间待在一起和睦相处的夫妻。

  3.频率副词和否定副词一般取中间位置,置于实义动词之前、系动词be或第一个助动词之后。

  例句: As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the US, which really have surprised us all.

  分析: 该句是复合句,which really have surprised us all是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the results,主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒装。

  译文: 就计算机化的影响而言,其结果在美国比在其他任何地方都明显,这真使我们惊奇不已。

  例句: Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (选自2000年Cloze Test)

  分析: 该句是一个由but连接的并列句。

  译文: 他自然会努力去获取低息贷款,但这种贷款并不是经常能贷到的。

  4.有些副词修饰整个句子,常置于句前,并用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。

  例句: Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007年第46题)

  分析: 该句是简单句,句子的主干部分是legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...。

  译文: 长久以来,法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的,而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。

  例句: Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. (选自2009年Text 1)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是the new habits create parallel pathways。we deliberately press into ourselves是省略了关系代词的定语从句,修饰主语the new habits。短语press into的意思是“逼迫,挤入”。另一定语从句that can bypass those old roads修饰主句的宾语parallel pathways,that作从句的主语。

  译文: 相反,我们有意培养的新习惯会形成平行的路径以避开那些原有习惯的轨道。

  5.几个副词连在一起,顺序一般为方式副词+地点副词+时间副词(或把时间副词置于句首)。

  例句: Jane lived isolatedly方式in the town地点for ten years.时间

  6.疑问副词常置于句首。

  例句: Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? (选自2001年Text 3)

  分析: 该句是复合句,what引导的宾语从句作distrust的宾语。

  译文: 为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报刊上看到的东西呢?

  三、副词的特殊情况

  1. 英语中有些副词有两种形式: 一种与形容词形式相同,一种形式是以ly结尾,但其意义和用法有所不同,如:

  clean完全地 cleanly干净地

  close接近地 closely紧密地(表抽象概念)

  free免费地,随意地 freely率直地

  hard努力 hardly几乎不

  high高 highly高度地,非常

  late迟,晚 lately近来

  pretty相当,颇 prettily漂亮地

  fair公平 fairly公正地;相当

  most最,颇 mostly主要地,多半地

  just刚才,正好 justly公正地

  direct直接地 directly直接地,坦率,马上

  例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (选自2002年Text 2)

  分析: 该句是复合句,其中that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty是定语从句,修饰work。

  译文: 自从人类具有了独创性以来,人们发明了越来越精巧的工具来应付那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者仅仅是令人讨厌的工作。

  例句: The American dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. (1999年第25题)

  分析: 该句是简单句,generated by American capitalism为过去分词作后置定语,修饰the periods。

  译文: 在美国的资本主义带来生产率的提高与财富增加的那段时期,美国梦是最有可能实现的。

  例句: "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. (选自2008年Text 3)

  分析: 引号内的句子是简单句,主句部分是weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,介词短语in the general population today和at this genetic...在句中作状语。

  译文: 怀特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出: “在今天的一般人群中,在这种基因和环境水平上,我们已经达到了我们所能达到的高度。”

  2.以ly结尾的词大部分是副词,但以下由名词+ly构成的词却是形容词,如:

  brotherly scholarly(学者风度的) heavenly(天堂的)

  homely friendly masterly(高明的)

  likely lovelycostly

  childly quarterly(按季度的)manly

  leisurely(从容不迫的,悠闲的)

  例句: Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (选自2001年Text 3)

  分析:该句是复合句,其中分词短语compared with other Americans作状语表示比较,谓语动词show后有由and连接的两个并列宾语从句。

  译文:结果表明,与其他美国人相比,记者更有可能居住在质优价高的地段,有仆人、奔驰车及股票。他们不大可能去做礼拜、当志愿者或在普通社区居住。

  四、副词的比较级与最高级

  副词的比较级与最高级的变化规则和用法与形容词的变化相同,但在副词的最高级前可省掉定冠词the。

  例句: Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.(选自2011年Use of English)

  分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分是Those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those...,其中did代替了与主句相同的谓语部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons,正常语序为...than those...did。另外,分词短语forced to exercise their smiling muscles作后置定语,修饰主语those;whose mouths were contracted in a frown是一个定语从句,修饰句中的第二个those;suggesting that...是分词短语作状语,表示结果,相当于which引导的一个非限制性定语从句。

  译文:那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴形收缩得犹如紧皱的眉毛般的人对滑稽的卡通动画的反应更为强烈,这表明表情也可以影响情绪而非只能是情绪影响表情。

  例句:The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long. (选自2011年Text 2)

  分析:该句是复合句,主句的主干部分是The people are those,两个定语从句who've been hurt the worst 和whove stayed too long分别修饰先行词the people和those。

  译文:受伤害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。

  例句:Among other students in his class, he studies (the) hardest.

  译文:他在班上学习最刻苦。

  五、易混淆的副词和形容词

  (一)such,so

  such是形容词,如such+a(an)+单数可数名词,或such+不可数名词或可数名词的复数;so是副词,如so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词。

  注意:在so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词这一结构中名词不可改为复数形式。

  如so beautiful girls就是错误形式,应改为: such beautiful girls。

  另外such,so都可接that从句,形式为such...that/so...that,称之为结果状语从句。

  例句:Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. (选自2008年Text 4)

  分析:该句是简单句,主干部分是such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia, would have required表示与过去事实相反的推测,only a decade earlier在句中作状语,表示时间。

  译文:要是再早上10年,这种举动必须获得弗吉尼亚州立法委的批准。

  例句:The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapair of fabricating their data. (2004年第43题)

  分析:该句是复合句,that引导一结果状语从句,短语accuse sb. of sth.意为“指责、指控某人某事”。

  译文:这些新近被描述的语言与已经被充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapair编造了材料。

  例句:Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (选自2007年Text 2)

  分析:该句是简单句,其中形容词短语necessary to succeed in school and in life作定语修饰elements。

  译文:这些标准化测试并不能测出在学校和生活中取得成功所必需的重要因素。

  例句:The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments. (1996年第26题)

  分析:该句是复合句。

  译文:讨论是那样的冗长而乏味,以至于发言的人不时地停下来喝点饮料。

  (二)very,much

  very修饰形容词原级和副词;much(或very much)修饰动词、形容词或副词的比较级和最高级。

  例句:Ted had told me that he always escaped being fined as he had got a very fast sport car.

  分析:该句是复合句,其中being fined是动名词一般式的被动式,在句中作谓语动词escape的宾语。

  译文:泰德告诉我,因为他有一辆速度很快的赛车,所以总是能逃脱罚款。

  例句:Mercury's velocity is so much greater than the Earth's that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one. (1996年第20题)

  分析:该句是复合句,so...that是一个表结果的句子结构,time后是一个省略了关系词which(或that)的定语从句。

  译文:水星的周转速度要比地球快得多,以至于在地球绕太阳转一圈的时间内,水星能绕太阳转四圈多。

  (三)too much,much too (far too)

  too much+不可数名词; much too/far too+形容词或副词原级。

  例句:The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. (选自2006年Text 4)

  分析:冒号后内容是对其前内容的进一步解释。

  译文:事实上,真正的原因可能恰恰相反。今天的世界有太多太多的快乐了。

  例句:I don't like eating chocolate. The taste is much too sweet.

  译文:我不喜欢吃巧克力,味道太甜了。

  (四)also, too, either

  also, too用于肯定句,also多用于正式场合,too多为习惯用法,而either用于否定句。

  例句:I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be bound to it.

  分析:该句是由but引导的并列句,其中短语be bound to sth.意为“必定,作保证”。

  译文:我支持你的决定,但也应该说清楚,我并不打算非得按照你的决定做。

  例句:Careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener, too.

  分析:该句是简单句。

  译文:用词粗心大意往往也会阻碍说话人和听话人的思想交流。

  例句:Mary is not a Christian; John is not a Christian, either.

  译文:玛丽不是基督徒,约翰也不是。

  例句:But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. (选自2004年Text 3)

  分析:该句是复合句,其中在not...as...as结构中,第一个as是副词修饰many,而第二个as是连词引导状语从句,表方式。

  译文:但对这位47岁的美甲师来说,现在到她这儿来修剪、锉磨或上油的人却不如她希望的那么多。

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