2014考研英语指导：作文高分标准_跨考网

　　一、 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容
　　跨考考研英语辅导专家认为作文的高分标准首先是要切题。但许多考生认为作文题己有要求和提纲，按题目写作不会出问题。但跨考考研调查结果显示事实往往并非如此，许多考生仍然跑题或扣不准题。有的考生辞不达意，有的考生主题不突出，还有的考生照搬照抄，结果文不对题。
所谓的切题指不偏离主题，提纲的所有内容都是围绕主题来展开的。
　　Example
　　Title: Good Health
　　Outline: 1. Importance of good health
　　2. Ways to ensure a good health
　　文章的主题很显然是谈论健康问题，同时是围绕健康的重要性和怎样保持健康的身体两方面来谈论的。有的考生未经仔细审题便匆匆落笔，结果将文章写成“健康与财富”，不能满足评分标的第一项要求。一篇较好的文章如下：

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Good Health
　　Good health is the best reassurance a person can possess. The world, with all its attractions and wonders, is open to those who have wealth, but they cannot enjoy it unless they have good health. It is very difficult for a man, no matter how rich, powerful or learned he may be, to be happy without good health. But if he enjoys good health, a poor and humble man can be happy. There is no doubt, therefore, that“Good health is the best wealth”
　　The human body is wonderful engine .It is far more delicate than a locomotive .Everyone must be the engineer and fireman of his own body. If well maintained, If it is out of order, its master will suffer. There are a number of useful rules which will ensure good health if people follow them.
　　Cleanliness-The body needs to be kept clean. It should be washed at least once a week in winter and once a day in summer.
Fresh air- One of the chief constituents of the air is oxygen, which is necessary for life. We ought to see that our rooms are always full of fresh air.
　　Food-Care should be taken that the food is wholesome and suited to the constitution.
　　Exercise-The muscle must be all kept exercised, although not to excess.
Sleep-The hours of sleep are very valuable, during which the mind is kept as calm and peaceful as possible. We cannot have good health unless the brain be renewed by sleep.

　　所以一开始短文写作，考生应注意以下几个方面：
　　1．认真审题。先分析题目所包含的内容和信息，把握住出题者的意图，确定文章属于哪一种体裁，思考表达文体和写作手法，以能将主题思想完美表达出来。然后仔细阅读作文要求、提纲或其他相关内容（如图表、图画、数字说明等），注意抓住题目和提纲中的关键词及提纲要点之间的衔接和逻辑关系，进一步考虑怎样组织段落来突出主题。以下面的试题为例：
　　（1） Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life…
　　（2） But money can not buy everything…
　　（3） There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money…

　　对于这类试题，由于标题和每段的主题句都己具备，考生要注意的就是在题目所提示的主题思想基础上，按照各段主题句关键作出的提示和思想进行深入的论述和发挥。很明显，本文属于议论文题材，需要考生发表议论和看法。要注意的是，第一段中“some people”提示论述的是别人的观点，而第二段和第三段谈论的才是自己的观点和看法。如果在阅读要求时不认真，审题不仔细，就会把第一段也写成自己的观点，结果使第二段和第一段的不能自衔接，在逻辑上也出现混乱。

　　2．组织段落，构思选材。段落围绕主题来展开，但各个段落也有主题句和段落中心。主题句即本段的论点，围绕论点提供论据抓住了段落中心，而句子之间或段落之间的承上启下，过渡连贯，句型逻辑等也要同进考虑，对于材料的取舍也应该胸有成竹，避免下笔时无章可循，离题万里。例如：
　　Advertising
　　(1) Nowadays advertisements are found everywhere
　　(2) Advertisements fill almost every minute of a day
　　(3) No one can avoid being influenced by ads.

　　从标题和三段主题句的提示中可以看出，主题思想己很明确，从体裁来看，本文属于叙述文，对生活中的一些事实进行陈述，同时附带自己的看法。文章为三段式结构，段首句均为主题句，要注意找出句子的关键词，它们分别为：第一段主题句中是“everywhere”；第三段主题句中是“every minute”;第三段主题句中为“no one can avoid”。每段主题句之后的扩展句均要围绕这些关键词来展开和发挥，同时考生要注意控制每段字数。

　　二、表达清楚，意义连贯
　　表达清楚包含三方面的内容，一是叙述要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣词造句要得当，过渡要连贯平稳；三是主题明确，论点论据展开合理（以时间、过程、空间、详情、列举、概括、对比、因果、分类、定义、发展高潮或综合等方法来展开）。
　　下面这段文章表达不清楚，意义也不连贯：
　　Finding information in a library can be very confusing. There are so many reference books. Their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catalogue, and also, the librarian is always ready to answer questions.
　　经改进
　　Finding information in a library can be very confusing. Although there are so many reference books, their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catalogue. Also, the librarian is always ready to answer question.

　　三、句式有变化　
　　有的考生从头到尾使用简单句，使整个文章变得平淡无味，一看就是初学者水平。
　　句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型来表达，它包含两层意思：一是采用适当的句型来表达内容，包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问句、插入语、独立成份等：二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理，包括并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换关系等（翻译篇中也有所介绍），这些逻辑关系均有适当的关联词（过渡词）来连接，如表示因果关系的就是有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore , thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。

　　只有在句式上有了变化，才能谈得成为一篇好文章。试比较下面的例子：
　　Example
　　原文: I will never drive a car again.（简单句）I had an accident today.(简单句)I was
　　driving up Fourth Avenue.（简单句）I saw a bright yellow car.(简单句) It was driven by a little old lady.（简单句）She obviously did not see the stop sign.（简单句）I could not stop in time.（简单句）She ran right into me.（简单句）Then she called me a“young hoodlum（流氓）。”（简单句）
　　本文由九个简单组成，读起来单调无味，毫无感染力。
　　改进: I will never drive a car again.（简单句） I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.（复合句）I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by a little old lady.（复合句）She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time.（并列句）She ran right into me. Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.(简单句)
　　原文经改进，句式有了较大的变化，由“简单句、复合句、复合句、并列句、简单句、简单句”这样的顺序组成，读起来觉得内容特别，令人回味，效果完全不一样。

　　四、语言合乎规范
　　语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标准是：选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是：句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。
遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。
造句要避免清一色“主＋谓＋宾”结构，适当采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或中文式英语。例如：
　　误：His right arm was broken and could not take part in the game.
　　正：His right arm was broken and he could not take part in the game.
(当and 连接的两个谓分属不同的主语时，and 后谓语的主语不可省略。)
　　误：What did we learn in youth can never be forgotten.
　　正：What we learned in youth can never be forgotten.
（当how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, why用引导主语从句时，从句中应用自然语序，不要与特殊疑问句的语序相混。）
　　误：They have sufficient enough food and water to last them two weeks.
　　正：They have sufficient/enough food and water to last them two weeks.
（sufficient和enough同义，均表示“足够的”，不可同时修饰同一中心词。）
以上错误在考试作文中常见，考生平常写作训练中应加以纠正，避免考试时出现。要　　在40分钟内完成一篇达到要求的高分作文，考生应根据自己的实际情况，参照下列步骤和时间来进行：
　　1. 审题与构思（8－10分钟）
　　2. 展开段落（20－25分钟）
　　3. 检查与修改（5－8分钟）