2014考研英语作文指导：文章的完成_跨考网

　　第一节　　作文写作文体

　　文章文体一般分为叙述文（Narration）、议论文（Argumentation）、说明文（Exposition）和描写文（Description）。在实际写作中，这几种文体常常交叉使用，相辅相成，但主体仍以一种为主，其他为辅。跨考考研认为对于考生来说，了解一点作文考试常用的文体知识很有必要。从以往真题考研作文来看，主要为议论文，出题形式常常是针对某一事物或现象让考生提出自己的看法。
　　议论文（Argumentation）
　　作者对某一问题或事件直接间接地进行分析评论，表明自己的立场、观点、态度、主张，这就是议论。它常常用于学术论文，各种评论、短文、杂文、辩论等方面，应用广泛。
　　议论文的写作要注意三个要素：1.提出论点；2.组织论据，进行论证；3.得出结论。常的论证方法包括夹议法、举例法、比较对照当、因果法、逻辑推量法（包括归纳法和演绎法）。可以从正在论证，也可以用反证进进行反驳。例如：
　　Example 1
　　Television-the Wonder of Electronics
　　论点　　 As an art, television brings theatre and other cultural events into home. Its influence on the life of average people is incalculable :it can influence their thoughts, their likes and.
　　组织论据　dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. As an industry, TV provides.
　　进行论证　jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs, In addition, it can add to people’s store of knowledge. Education TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation Through advertising, TV helps business and manufacturers sell their products to millions of persons.
　　得出结论　So TV the modern wonder of electronics, not only bring the world into home in sight and sound, also bring some other benefits to people.
　　Example1
　　Physical Exercise and Mental Advantage
　　论点　　　Physical exercise develops will.
Nobody can succeed at anything if the does not put his will.
　　以列举法　into it. A man, who wishes to lift 300 pounds, can
　　组织论据 do it, if he has a strong will. Some long
　　进行论证　distance runners win after practicing day after day, year after year . A great many athletes get good reputation through nothing but a strong will which helps them realize their goals.
　　论点　　　Physical exercise develops judgment. There are many people who unable to make decision when
　　以列举法　matters come to them. This is due to the fact that
　　组织论据　their judgment is not sound. An expert runner knows
　　进行论证　when he should run faster and when slower. A table tennis player can use different strategies to defeat his opponent.
　　论点　　　Physical exercise develops self-confidence. Many persons do not trust themselves. As things come before
　　以列举法　them, they usually hesitate, not knowing whether of not
　　组织论据　they have the ability to perform them. So a great deal
　　进行论证　of time is usually wasted and matters are left unattended. This is because these people have no self-confidence. An expert athlete believes that he has had great ability in a certain sport and that he can compete with others in that sport. He does not hesitate and try his best to win the championship.
　　得出结论　Thus we see will, judgment and self-confidence can be developed by physical exercise.
　　(从上面两例我们可以看出，作者以段落主题句提出论点，以扩展句组织论扭，进行论证，以结尾句进行总结，得了结论。这与前面所说的段落发展方法是一致的。)

　　第二节 文章段落的句子的“启、承、转、合”

　　在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。例如
　　Ways to Buy Things
　　
　　开头段(启) In daily life, people need to buy thing and　services. Some people to prefer pay money for what they need. Other people trade goods for what they need.
　　Each of the two ways has its advantages.
　　As we all know, money is a convenient means of exchange. First of all, it is easy to carry about, easy to transfer from one person to another, from one place to
　　扩展段(承)another. When we go shopping we needn’t carry loads of
goods with us. Another advantage to paying money for the things people need is that
money enables people to measure correctly the values of all kinds of goods and services: tea, milk, salt, matches, furniture, dishes, cloth, automobiles, houses, the time and energy spent by a doctor or farmer or engineer on his work, the skill possessed by workers and specialists of different kinds. In addition, money can easily be stored in a safe place for use at some future time without loss in its value.
However, there are cases in which people have to trade goods for the things they need, For example, a person
　　扩展段(转) who needs something badly and happens to be penniless, what
should he do? A good solution for him is to trade the goods he has for the things he needs. For another example, a person needs something and its owner is reluctant to sell it unless he gets the thing he wants. In such case, the person has to trade goods for what he needs. In direct transaction of goods, the real value of the goods transacted is not measured in terms of money but by the buyer’s appreciation of the goods. The price of the goods is usually lower because no service or any other person is involved.
　　结尾段(合)As for me, I prefer to pay money for the things I need,
because I have money and I have no goods to trade for other goods.
　　1.段落连接
　　(1)“启”，常用于引导文章开头的过度词有：
It is often said that…
Generally speaking…
As the proverb says…
It goes without saying that…
It is clear/obvious that…
Mary people often ask …
　　(2)“承”，常用于第一年扩展段开渡词有：
It is true that…
Everybody know that…
It can be easily proved that…
No one can deny that…
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…
The chief reason why …is that …
We must recognize that…
There is no doubt that…
I am of the opinion that…
This can expressed as follows…
To take…for an example (instance) …
Therefore we should realize that …
We have reason to believe that…
We know that…
What is more serious is that…
　　(3)“转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有：
Another special consideration in this case is that …
Besides, we should not neglect that…
However, …
But the problem is not so simple, …
Therefore…
But it is a pity that…
On the other hand, …
I do not believe that…
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…
Though we are in basic agreement with …
The trouble seems that…
Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…
So long as you regard this as reasonable, you many…
　　(4)“合”，常用结尾段的过度词有：
In a word, …
In sum, …
In conclusion, …
From this point of view, …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information…
Thus, this is the reason why we must…
　　2.句子连接
　　(1)“启”
in the first place at present
currently it goes without saying that
lately first
first of all now
presently firstly
generally recently
in the beginning to begin with
to start with in general
　　(2)“承”
after a few days after a while
also at any arte
at the same time besides
by this time certainly
consequently for example
for instance for this purpose
from now on furthermore
in addition in addition to…
in fact in other words
in particular in the same manner
incidentally indeed
meanwhile moreover
no doubt obviously
of course particularly
second secondly
similarly so
soon still
then third
thirdly truly
unlike… what is more
　　(3)“转”
after all all the same
anyway at the same time
but by this time
conversely despite…
especially… fortunately
however in other words
in particular in spite of…
in the same way likewise
luckily nevertheless
no doubt not withstanding …
on the contrary on the other hand
otherwise perhaps…
unfortunately unlike…
whereas… yet
nonetheless as a matter of fact
　　(4)“合”
above all accordingly
as a consequence as a result
as has been noted as I have said
at last at length
by and large briefly
by doing so consequently
eventually finally
hence in brief
in conclusion in short
on the whole therefore
thus to speak frankly
to sum up to summarize
indeed surely
to conclude obviously
certainly truly