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王长喜英语之考研英语结构衔接必备知识_跨考网

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  (一)定语从句

  1.定语从句的特征

  定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密,为句中不可缺少的成分,如去掉,则主句意思不完整或不明确。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散,如去掉,主句内容仍完整。在书面语中,非限定性定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开。

  引导定语从句的关联词包括:

  (1)关系代词:that,which,whose,who, whom,as。

  (2)关系副词:when,where,why。

  关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句子成分:主语(who,which,that);宾语(that,which,whom);定语(whose,of which);状语(when,where,why)。

  2.定语从句中关系词的运用

  (1)关系代词。

  关系代词的选择一般需从三方面来考虑:①先行词是指人还是指物;②关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语还是定语;③该从句是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。

  关系代词作宾语时,一般可省略。如:

  I know that he is a man who/that means what he says. (先行词指人,关系代词在限定性定语从句中作主语)

  The man whom/that she met told her a lie. (先行词指人,关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语)

  The watch which/that was lost has been found. (先行词指物,关系代词在限定性定语从句中作主语)

  Here is the material which/that you need. (先行词指物,关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语)

  He is the only one whose advice she may accept. (先行词指人,关系代词在限定性定语从句中作定语)

  (2)关系副词。

  关系副词的选择主要看先行词。如先行词为表示时间的名词,如time,day等,则用when;如先行词为表示地点的名词,如place,house,area等,则用where;如先行词为reason,则用why。另外,where = in which,why = for which。例如:

  I'll never forget the village where/in which I spent my childhood.

  I don't know the reason why/for which he did that.

  I'll never forget the day when I first entered the college.

  (3)关系代词that和 which的区别。①存在以下情况之一时,只能用that来引导定语从句:

  第一,先行词是all,everything,something,anything,little,nothing等不定代词时;

  第二,先行词前有next,first,last,only,few,much,some,any,very,no等词修饰时;

  第三,先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时。例如:

  I've explained everything (that)I can to you. This is the most beautiful city (that)I've ever been to.

  ②非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导,且关系词不可省略。例如:

  His lecture, which bored everyone, ended at last.

  The teacher's daughter, whom I met last month, sent me an e-mail.

  (4)which和as引导定语从句的区别。在非限定性定语从句中,先行词是整个句子时,一般用which或as来引导。which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等,as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于:which只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比较灵活,既可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。此外,as引导定语从句时还常和such,so,as或same连用,一般没有明显的先行词,as一般可以译为“正如,就像…那样”。

  例如:Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which/as is known to all.

  As everybody knows, he is a good boy.

  Such things as you have described are most important to me.

  He is that kinds of man, such as people always meet.

  I have the same dictionary as you have.

  _____can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.(1999.5)

  [A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It

  答案为[A]。As指代的是后面整句话的内容,引导非限定性定语从句,其他选项只能引导主语从句。本句意为:正如我们从比较这些数字所看到的结果一样,这项规则需要病人在治疗时积极参与。

  (5)关系代词在定语从句中有时也作介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前,一般只用介词+which或介词+whom,而不能用介词+that来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末,则可用that代替which或whom,且that这时可省去。

  This is the coat on which she spent 500 dollars.

  One of my classmates whom/that you are familiar with will come today.

  Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.(1994.3)

  [A] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose

  答案为[A]。题目中which的先行词是problems,在which引导的非限定性定语从句中作介词of的宾语,这时关系代词要置于介词后面,不能省略。介词of表示所属关系,of which指的是“在这些问题中”。[B] 中的for表示原因,与题意不符;[C] 和[D] 也能引导定语从句,但都与句子的意思不符,所以只能选[A]。本句句意为:在

澳大利亚中部,沙漠生活面临许多问题,其中汲水是一个很严峻的问题。

  2.定语从句与同位语从句的区别

  同位语从句大多由连接词that引导,常跟在下列名词后面,如fact,idea,opinion,news,hope,belief等。同位语从句用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。定语从句对所修饰的名词加以修饰限定,即说明其为此人(事物)而非彼人(事物)。如:

  We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.(同位语从句)

  The news that we are invited to the party is very encouraging.(同位语从句)

  This is the best article that has been written on the subject. (定语从句)

  4.定语从句与what引导的名词性从句的区别

  what只能引导名词性从句,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,但总是包含着定语从句的含义,很容易与定语从句混淆。定语从句的引导词前面都会有先行词,而what前面则没有任何先行词,此时what=先行词+that。试比较:

  He always means what he says.

  That's the only thing that he says.

  That's what I want to say.

  That's all (that) I want to say.

  This is what I can give you.

  This is all the money that I can give you.

  (二)比较状语从句

  1.比较状语从句的种类

  (1)同级比较。

  英语中表示同级比较的词有as+形容词或副词原形+as;the same as,not so+形容词或副词原形+as(不如…)等。

  例1:Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often _____, or better than an actual performance. (1996.1)

  [A] as good as[B] as good[C] good[D] good as

  答案为[A]。这里的as good as和better than 由or连接,构成并列关系。

  例2:The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have _____ as the amount of money borrowed.

  [A] as the same value[B] the same value[C] value as the same[D] the value is the same

  答案为[B]。the same...as为固定用法。

  (2)差级比较。

  英语中的差级比较,仅限于两者之间,常由形容词或副词的比较级形式+than 构成。此外还需要注意以下几点:

  ①相比较的内容在语法形式或结构上要保持一致。

  英语中,为了避免重复通常用that,one,those来代替前文出现的同类事物,其中that可以代替可数名词和不可数名词,而one只能代替单数可数名词,those只能代替复数可数名词。如:

  No bread eaten by man is so sweet as _____ earned by his own labour. (1994.8)

  [A] one[B] that[C] such[D] what

  答案为[B]。that代替的是不可数名词bread。

  ②表示倍数的比较形式常为:修饰语 + as...as.../more...than...。有时第二个as,than后面的比较内容会省略。例如:

  Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills _____ people each year than automobile accidents. (1999.2)

  [A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times

  答案为[B]。倍数+ more ...than...为固定结构。

  ③相比较的内容在第二次提到时常可省略。例如:

  These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than _____ in traditional media. (1999.10)

  [A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to exist

  答案为[A]。本句省略了主语——复数名词 restrictions,再结合上下文的时态,可断定只有[A] 符合语法。

  ④常用来修饰比较级的词语有a little,a lot,much,a bit,far,hardly,slightly,even,still,rather,the,any 等。例如:

  He knows little of mathematics, and _____ of chemistry. (1991)

  [A] even[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more

  答案为[B]。由 and 一词可知前后两个分句间为并列或递进关系,所以可排除[A]、 [C]、 [D]。只有[B] 符合语法和句子意思。

  2.引导比较状语从句的特殊句型及词语

  (1)表示比较的特殊词语:inferior to,senior to,prior to,superior to,junior to,preferable to,minor to等。例如:

  Their watch is _____ to all the other watches on the market. (1991)

  [A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial

  答案为[A]。能和to搭配的选项有[A]、[B] 和[D]。但根据句中空格前后出现的相同成分watch可知这是两者之间进行比较,而选项中只有[A] superior to有比较的意义,指“比…高级,质量好”。

  (2)特殊的比较句型:not so much...as...(与其说…,不如说…);not/no more...than...(两者一样都不…);not any/no less...than...(两者一样都…);just as...so...(正如…,也…)等。

  例1:It wasn't so much that I disliked her _____ that I just wasn't interested in the whole business.(2000.9)

  [A] rather[B] so[C] than[D] as

  答案为[D]。本句的基本结构仍然是not so much...as...,只是so和as后面接的是that引导的从句。本句大意是:与其说我不喜欢她,不如说我对整件事情根本不感兴趣。

  例2:The heart is _____ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. (1994.4)

  [A] not so[B] not much[C] much more [D] no more

  答案为[D]。全句意为:心脏和胃一样都不聪明,因为它们都受控于大脑。

  3.最高级

  英语中的最高级常用the +形容词或副词的最高级形式,注意这种形式仅限于三者或三者以上,且常有表示比较范围的介词in, over, of, among等。如:

  The Social Security Retirement Program is made of two trust funds, _____ could go penniless by next year. (1997.1)

  [A] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which

  答案为[B]。本题涉及两个方面的语法问题:一是定语从句的使用,二是形容词的比较级和最高级。首先,从句子的结构来看,空格前面的部分是一个完整的句子,而且在空格的前面是一个名词结构two trust funds,这就说明空格所在的部分是一个非限定性定语从句,因此,我们可以排除选择项[A]、[C]。同样它也表明这是两者之间的比较,所以要用比较级形式,而非三者或三者以上的最高级形式。这样,只有[B] 符合条件。

  (三)倒装结构

  1.倒装句的种类

  倒装语序有两类:全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装指谓语部分全部提到主语之前,部分倒装指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。全部倒装语序常出现在下列情况中:

  (1)为避免句子部分内容重复,英语中常用倒装句,即:so(neither,nor)+ be动词(助动词,情态动词)+ 主语。

  例1:Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.(1995)

  [A] as it is[B] the same is[C] so is[D] and so is

  答案为[C]。just as ... so为固定搭配,意为“正如…一样,也…”。so后面的句子要求完全倒装。

  例2:They have all got up, and _____. (1985)

  [A] Jack has too[B] so has Jack[C] Jack hasn't[D] also has Jack

  答案为[B]。如表示赞同别人的陈述,so后面的部分不倒装,如:Tom is a good student. So he is,and so is Dick.前半句So he is表示后者赞同前者的观点,认为Tom是个好学生,后半句and so is Dick中so后面部分倒装,表示Dick也是个好学生。

  (2)当there,here,then,now等副词置于句首,且谓语动词为come,go,be等词时,句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意,如果主语是代词,则句子不倒装。例如:

  Look! Here comes the bus.

  Look! Here he comes.

  (3)当out,in,away,up,into,bang等方位词和拟声词置于句首时,句子一般全部倒装。此类倒装句比正常语序的句子更生动、形象。但若主语是代词,则句子不倒装。例如:

  Away flew the bird.

  Out she went.

  Into this category fall many of the lies told within the walls of government.

  (4)省略whether的让步状语从句,常用be +主语+其他。例如:

  The business of each day, selling goods or shipping them, _____ went quite smoothly. (1992)

  [A] it being[B] be it[C] was it[D] it was

  答案为[B]。

  2.部分倒装的构成条件

  (1)具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时,句子一般要部分倒装,即将系动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括:not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,by no means,under no circumstance,in no way,at no time,no sooner ... than,hardly...when,not only ... but also...,in no sense,on no account,at no point,little,nowhere,barely,scarcely ... when/before,not until,in vain,still less等。例如:

  _____ to speak when the audience interrupted him. (1991)

  [A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin

  答案为[A]。hardly ... when为固定搭配,hardly置于句首,要求部分倒装。scarcely ... when也是固定搭配,但[D] 的时态不正确。

  (2)as引导的让步状语从句常用倒装。一般将一些形容词、副词等置于句首。例如:

  Outstanding as she is in her field, she remains easygoing.

  (3)当so,often,only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时,句子一般部分倒装。例如:

  So involved with their computers _____ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (2001)

  [A] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become

  答案为[D]。由于So involved位于句首,句子采用倒装形式。因为句子的时态是一般现在时,所以要借助于助动词do来构成倒装。把这句话改成正常语序是:The children become so involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. (孩子们对他们的电脑如此着迷,以至于电脑夏令营的领导不得不经常强迫他们停下来,做些体育运动和游戏。)

  (4)省略if的非真实条件从句中,助动词、情态动词要提前。例如:

  _____ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998)

  [A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not

  答案为[A]。if 省略,助动词提前,从句表达与过去事实相反的虚拟情况。

  (四)平行结构

  由not only ... but also,would rather... than...,would sooner... than...,more... than...,rather than(而不是),and,or连接的成分要求在语法形式上保持平行一致。例如:

  例1:It is better to die on one's feet than _____. (1991)

  [A] living on ones knees[B] live on ones knees[C] on one's knees[D] to live on one's knees

  答案为[D]。to die on one's feet与to live on one's knees在语法形式上保持一致。

  例2:We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _____ in a personal style. (1995)

  [A] rather than[B] other than[C] better than[D] less than

  答案为[A]。根据句意及in a formal style与in a personal style成分一致的线索,可断定本句是想表达“应该…,而不应该…”,故只有[A] 正确。other than表示“除了…”,常用于否定句。句意:商务书信必须用正式文体而不是个人文体来写。

   

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