2018考研英语：重点语法解析（2）

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       有的考研er遇到长难句的语法，就会感到迷茫，无所适从;其实英语里的所有句子，不管句子多长，结构多么复杂，看起来多难，无外乎是由英语中的8种句子成分(即：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、状语、同位语)组合而成，或者说是在英语中的5种基本句型(即：主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主系表结构、主谓双宾结构、主谓宾宾补结构)的框架之上添加修饰成分扩展而来的，所以只要掌握了一些重点的语法，再长再难的句子就都迎刃而解了。 

　　二、特殊形式的虚拟语气

　　虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。

　　A、的 用于表示意愿、的建议、的命令、的提议、的请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：

　　ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求

　　command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望

　　determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张

　　move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令

　　prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心

　　recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进

　　vote公认，提议 decree颁布(法令) pray请求

　　注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。

　　She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体)

　　She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语)

　　She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)

　　B、的用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：

　　advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的

　　(11)动词原形表示虚拟

　　动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。

　　God bless you!

　　All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.

　　She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).

　　If that be so, we shall take action at once.

　　determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的

　　complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的

　　desirable合意的 better较好的 insistent坚持的 desired想要

　　asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的

　　natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议

　　urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的

　　possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一点)proposed提议

　　requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的

　　probable(可能的) pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾

　　注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…

　　来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。

　　It is essential that he should be prepared for this.

　　It is essential for him to be prepared for this.

　　C.用于由表示建议、的要求、的命令、的请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：

　　advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、的愿望

　　insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令

　　preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐

　　request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、的忠告

　　例如：

　　This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。

　　The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。

　　三、混合虚拟语气

　　有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。

　　If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.

　　A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch

　　C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案选C。

　　Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.

　　Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.

　　混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。

　　I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.

　　该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。

　　Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.

　　该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的话)，但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。

　　四、含蓄虚拟条件句

　　含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：

　　(1)介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。

　　the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.

　　A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。

　　But that she was afraid, she would have said no.

　　(2) 连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。

　　She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.

　　If only I had more money, I could buy a car.

　　(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：

　　The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。

　　Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。

　　(3)通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.

　　A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。

　　(4)形容词及其比较级

　　A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.

　　A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.

　　(5)分词短语

　　Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.

　　Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.

　　(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。

　　I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.

　　To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.

　　She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.

　　It would be easier to do it this way.

　　(7)名词短语和名词+and结构

　　A judicious man would not have committed suicide.

　　A diligent student would have worked harder.

　　(8)独立主格结构

　　All things considered, the price would be reasonable.

　　(9)定语从句

　　Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.

　　A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.

　　(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：

　　I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

　　The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.

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