2014考研英语：从评分细则 看词义的选择和引申

　　根据教育部考试中心对2005年考验英语试卷的抽样调查，考生在答卷时存在着两方面的突出的问题：第一，考生对复杂的句子结构仍然掌握不好，对插入语的理解和翻译还存在一定的困难;第二，对词义的掌握不到位，失分过多是因为对某些关键词词义理解有偏差而造成的。

　　对于第二点，很多考生在做英译汉试题时深有体会，经常感觉到文章和句子都看明白了，但是，翻译成汉语时就往往有一种“可意会不可言传”的感觉。或者即使翻译出来了，总觉得自己的译文没有把事情说清楚，找不到贴切的词来表达，因而造成做题时耗时较长或者因为个别单词的词义不准确而被扣分。

　　对于第一点，考研英语翻译中出现的句式的数量是有限的，因而比较容易掌握，而考察的词汇数量众多，很多考生觉得难以准确把握。实际上，从最近教育部制订的评分细则可以看出，词义的选择和引申只要在可接受的范围内，是可以得分的，考生在考前冲刺阶段，掌握词义选择和引申的基本技巧并再次认真的研究一下这些真题中词义选择和引申的范围，对于在考场上取得考研翻译高分，具有重要的意义。

　　词义的选择：一词多类、一词多义是英语词汇的一大特点。一词多类是指一个词具有几个不同的词性。一词多义是指一个词具有几个差异较大的词义。词义的选择可以从词语的搭配、句子或段落对于词义的影响等方面进行性考虑，以保证词义理解的准确。例如：

　　Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides “valid” or “fair” comparison.

　　很多考生把”scale”翻译成”范围、规模”，但和后面的定语从句” with which we are comparing our subjects”(在对我们的对象进行比较时所用的)根本不能衔接，因此，”scale”在此处的含义为”尺度”。 此外,“valid”和“fair”两个词也可以帮助我们确定”scale”的含义。此句可翻译为：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。

　　词义的引申：指从原词的内在含义出发，结合语境和所译成语言的表达习惯，对原词进行语义调整，选择恰当的词汇来表达。纵观历年考题，词意引申是一个重要的考点，是考生须掌握的一种重要的解题技能，它可以使译文忠实通顺，符合汉语的表达习惯。词汇引申时必须注意两点：第一，必须立足于语词的基本意义;第二，要注意词语的搭配关系以及词汇特定的上下文。

　　The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.标准的译文是：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自于人们对测试的不甚了解或者使用不当。从译文中可以看出，句子中至少有三个短语在翻译成汉语时进行了引申” divert attention form”直译是”把……注意力转移开”，译文中引申为”没有考虑”，” lies with” 直译为”存在于，取决于”，译文中将其引申为” 来自”，” incompetent users”本意是“无能的”，引申为“不当的”。

　　下面，我们通过最近六年真题的评分细则和阅卷情况，来研究一下词义选择和引申的问题：

　　2005年试题分析

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10points)

　　It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

　　Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

　　Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

　　(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

　　In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “Unity we stand, divided we fall”—and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

　　[试题分析]

　　C 节 5 小题 , 每小题 2 分 , 满分 10 分 , 平均分 5.17 分 , 难度 0.517, 各小题的难度值均在0.45~0.56 之间 , 比较均衡 , 分别为 0.503(46 题 ) 、 0.563(47 题 ) 、 0.512(48 题 ) 、 0.453(49 题 ) 、0.555(50 题 )。相比而言 ,46 题句子结构相对复杂。, 而且还含有倒装句。, 因此难度较大 ;49 题句子结构最复杂, 而且有几个词义很难把握的词汇 , 难度最大。 综合考生答卷情况 , 有以下两方面的问题值得注意 :(1) 考生对复杂的句子结构仍然掌握不好 , 对复合句和倒装句的理解和翻译还存在一定的困难 , 尤其表现在第 46 题和 49 题上 ;(2) 对一些貌似简单、但很难在汉语中找到确切对应意义的单词的理解和掌握还不够好 , 如 46 题中的 "convey" 和 "serve",47 题的 "mu1ti-media",48 题的 "underline",49 题的 "identity" 、 "the Old Continent" 和 "fabric”,50 题的 "scale" 、 "stand" 和 "fall" 等。

　　46.[答案] 电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一一一在欧洲近来发生的事件中 , 它把不同的民族和国家连到一起 , 其作用之大 , 前所未有。

　　[分析] 难度 0.503; 区分度 0.447.与 47 、 48 和 50 题相比, 该题有较大难度, 主要因为 :(1) 句子结构较复杂;(2) 单词如 "feelings","created”,"conveyed" 和 "served" 的词义比较难确定。从句法上讲, 该句是由两个并列句构成的, 破折号以前的并列句还包含了一个由 "by which” 引导的定语从句,而且是被动式的句子。在翻译这个并列句时, 考生应首先关注该句的主语一表语结构:"Television is one of the means”( 电视是……手段之一), 然后再关注跟在 "means" 后面的被动式定语从句。从翻译技巧上讲, 英语被动式应尽可能用汉语主动式来翻译。最后再关注 "feelings”,"created” 和 "conveyed" 的词义。 "feehgs" 一词可译成 "感情" 、" 感觉 "、"感受"、" 情绪 "、" 知觉 "等 , 究竟应选择哪个汉语表达最准确 , 这要看 "feelings" 指的是什么了。该句前面谈到 "...one 's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism " ( 在欧洲的这段特殊的历史时期里,大众媒体的作用很难谈清楚。历史与新闻混淆在一起, 人的印象趋于一种既怀疑又乐观的感受 ), 因此, 这里的"feelings" 应指感受而非感情。 "created" 指引发而非创造( 这些感受 ),"conveyed" 指传递而非搬运或转让( 这些感受 )。这个并列句可译为 "电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一"。该句的后一个并列句是个倒装句式"never before has it done ...", 关键是 "it" 指代什么。从上文看 ,"it" 指代 "television"( 电视 ) 。 "serve so much to do sth" 可译成" 在 ( 做 ) 什么方面发挥如此大的作用 "。该句可译为: 电视在连结不同民族和国家方面从未发挥过如此大的作用。 "people" 加了 "s" 之后指民族,"nations”指国 家。