2016语法讲义部分句子参考译文节选

第一节

1. Building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. (1998-TEXT1)修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。

2. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. 作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。

3. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。

4. If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversatio如果你坐在一架喷气式飞机的后部，你可能会注意到在那里进行交流是非常困难的。

5. In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales.随着寻求真相的文明的每一步发展，“解释”一词的在科学领域的含义却在日益退步。科学无法真正解释电、磁及重力;我们可以测量并推断其效应，但……

6. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. 这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明对疾病的防治是有意义的，证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题。

7. When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived.当史前人类来到地球新的角落时，大型动物发生了一些奇怪的事：它们突然灭亡了。小一点的物种得以存活。

8. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.能源保护，转向使用其他燃料以及能源密集型重工业重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗。

9. Hence the analogy(类比，类推) that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.因此，才会有人将货币政策的制定比作是驾驶一辆汽车，这辆车挡风玻璃被涂黑了、后视镜裂了，方向盘也失灵了。

10. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption.“笑”确实能给心血管带来短期的变化，提高心率以及对氧气的吸收。

11. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.Rosenberg认为，公共健康倡导者应该效仿广告商，广告商懂得如何应用同辈压力。这种说法很令人信服。

12. In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)提议为互联网浏览器增加一个“不得追踪”的选项，这样用户就可以告诉广告商他们不想被追踪。

13. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. 这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量生活在50年前我刚刚进入医疗行业时是不可想象的。

14. This cold air is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.(86)冷空气如此强大以至于邻近的海域成为世界上风暴最大的区域，也使那些区域无法居住，而在地球另一端的相对应区域却是可居住的。

15. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.(97T1)澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都力图从道义和实际意义两方面来考虑这一问题。

16. When stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.当受到压力时的雌性老鼠的卵巢(女性)生殖器官被切除时，它们的化学反应和雄性的是一样的。

17. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.然而,许多美国一流大学希望他们的本科生拥有一些基本的公认的思想准则，这些基本准则同时也是每个受过教育的人都应该具备的。

18. The goal of all books will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与进化问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。

19. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.最后，因为最终受益者是病人，医疗机构不仅应该积极争取Stephen Cooper这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了陈述——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。

20. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.参考译文: 为了给年轻人灌输他们所需要的价值观念,这些群体主要依赖一些相同形式的组织,这些组织可以使成年人忠诚于自己的群体.

21. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left. 译文: 例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前所享有的洪水参考留下的肥沃淤泥。

22. Yet Waizer’s argument does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism—that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration。参考译文: 然则，沃尔泽的论点确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，而这类人却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。

23. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. 实用性、基本常识、天分一直都被认为是比从书本中学来的任何东西都高尚的资质。

24. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. 这一点很重要,因为理论表明,当一种目标鱼种的生物量大致降到最初水平的50%时，渔场才能获得最大的持续捕鱼量。

25. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.他首先提出现实问题，然后提出道德问题，最后根据他获得的是适合道德信息提出一些看似恰当的行为建议。通过这些方式，他有意识地、清楚直率地探索了这些问题。

26. Some schools, like the University of Wisconsin, have declined to assist the RIAA, explaining that to identify the IP users and forward the letters to them would put the university in an uncomfortable and inappropriate alliance with the RIAA.一些学校，如威斯康星大学就拒绝协助美国唱片产业协会，该校解释说“找到这些IP用户并把信件转交给他们，这会使学校与美国唱片产业协会结成不合适的联盟。

27. Whether the study of the lunar rocks will answer the long debated question of the origin of the moon remains to be seen. 对月石的研究是否能够回答关于月亮起源的长期以来颇有争议的问题尚不明确。

28. It is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide. 国家和世界应该根据科学所能提供的最好的判断来制定政策，这一点至关重要。

29. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information。计算机科学使得在可机读的文件中存储大量的数据成为可能，也使得在给电脑编程来定位具体的信息成为可能。

30. The period made it clear to him that values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.这一时期使他清楚意识到价值必须通过日常的行为和选择表达出来。

31. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.因此，有两件事就变得很困难或者根本不可能，1、为一次成功的革命建立起一个详尽的并可信的关于参加者的描述;2、回答人们会问的、关于起义者的社会背景的甚至是最为基本的问题。

第二节

1.In America the selection of jurors acceptable to both the prosecution and the defence sometimes takes longer than the trial itself.在美国，选择对于起诉人和辩护人来说都能接受的陪审团有时候比案件审理本身耗时更长。

2. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.对于那些尚未意识到这个不利条件的人来说，这是对那些姓名以字母表中靠下部分的字母开头的让人的一种歧视。

3. For example, he theorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prion if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.例如，他提出一种理论：一位害怕表现得对犯罪太心慈手软的法官，如果那天已经判了五六个被人人去做强制性社区服务，那么他很可能会判接下来的那个人去坐牢。

4. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.母亲们对这些信号的不敏感可能会使互动变得沉闷。因为孩子得不到鼓励，往往只发出一些明显的信号。

5. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the capitalist consumerism.关于最后一个问题，我们可能顺便注意到,尽管汤普森正确的使劳动人民重新登上18世纪英国历史舞台，但是他很可能夸大了人们对于资本主义消费观的敌视。

6. The letters offer students the option of paying a settlement fee based on the number of tunes the student allegedly downloaded illegally or taking the risk of a potentially more expensive lawsuit.信中给了学生两个选择，学生可以根据涉嫌非法下载歌曲的数量来支付一笔罚金，否则就可能面临更昂贵的诉讼。

模块二

1. At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by external factors.乍一看，这似乎是一个优势，它赋予了人们能够做出不受外界影响的不带偏见的判断的能力。

2. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. 人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。

3. Legislation would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. 立法把私人资金用于克隆人的行为视为犯罪。

4. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. (1999 Text 4)NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核去克隆婴儿的任何企图。

5. This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary.这似乎听起来很小，但要消除这一微小的(分数)降低的影响，申请人的GMAT 需要多比原本需要的多考出30分。

6. In order for the benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and counties, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their resources to the choice.为了能让所有者、公司和国家实现其所有权的收益，雇员和其他个人必须自己决定是否购买，而且必须为这个选择贡献出一些个人的资源。

7. Indeed the mere size of operations and the number of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.的确，仅从公司的经营规模和所用的工人数量来看，建立这种个人关系是不可能的了。

8. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.这种“附加工人效应”可以支持帮助家庭渡过困难时期的失业保险或残疾保险所提供的保障制度// 这种“附加工人效应”可以支持失业保险或残疾保险所提供的保障制度，以帮助家庭渡过困难时期。

9. Students already getting help can usually transfer their aid to tuition and fees abroad, but basics like housing and food are often at the mercy of the fluctuating dollar.已经获得援助的学生可以将所获得的资助转换为国外学习的学杂费，但是其它的必需花费，如租房、伙食费就会受到美元波动的影响。

10. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。

11. First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, this is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation’s major industrial, business, and manufacturing centers.这个城市是英国人于1788年作为犯罪分子的流放地建造的。 如今它已发展成为一个现代化的大都市，是改过工业、商业和制造业的中心之一。

12. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model,(with)retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.去年的大部分时间里，布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变成个人储蓄存款账户模式，要求退休人员将其大多数或全部有保障的收入转换为依靠回报率的投资。

13. There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.那些声称可以进行血统检测的人，他们兜售的测试有一定的不准确性

模块三

1. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在过去的十几年里，美国那些曾经可以依靠辛勤劳动和公平条件以维持其收入稳定的中产阶层家庭被经济风险和新现实改变了。

2. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity.格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。

3. And the cost of computing power continues to fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.计算能力的成本持续下降，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。

4. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient. 这解释了我们看到像塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类令生活更便利但看似简单的发明时的反应。

5. What he saw both surprised and frightened him, for he saw dark spots on the sun which at once suggested to him that God had not made the world quite as perfect as he had previously believed. 他所看到的景象使他感到既吃惊又害怕,因为他在太阳上看到了一些黑点，这使他立刻联想到上帝创造的世界并不像他以前所相信的那么完美。

6. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive —— there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 作为一名语言学家，他承认所有人类语言，包括不标准的如黑人英语，都非常具有表现力—世界上所有语言或方言都可以表达复杂的思想。

7. In an office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories. 在办公室里，人们把各种数据，表格和信息进行汇编，这些材料可以使企业的经理或主管人员了解他的商店或工厂里所发生的事情

8. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by the information.从文章中可以推断出来，如果一个历史学家希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率，那么这些信息很可能能够帮到他。

9. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close.(97’T4) 财政方面，列文承受着使股价升值，减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，公司债务将达到173亿美元。

10. Those who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed.那些能够利用准确、可靠和最新的信息来解决日常问题和工作的重要问题、以及社会与家庭问题的人们才能够生存下去并且获得成功。

11. The language of the Amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class.修正案的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不是一张具体民法的细目清单，而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。

12. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. 培训工人的有限投资更多地被狭隘的集中使用于完成下一个工作所必需的特殊技能的培训上，而不是用在能让他们吸收新技术的基本技能的培训上。

13. Fresh outbreaks of coral bleaching, which occurs when rising temperature cause polyps to discard the tiny algae that give reefs their colours and which is linked by some scientists to the greenhouse effect, are being recorded.新爆发的珊瑚白化现象正在被记录下来。当不断上升的温度导致水蛭释放出让珊瑚着色的海藻时，珊瑚白化现象就会出现。一些科学家把珊瑚白化现象同温室效应联系起来。

14. In 1963 Rose, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956,and who became his wife in the summer of the year, committed suicide.Rose 是一位年轻的美国诗人。1956年他在剑桥大学第一次见到Rose, 并在当年的夏天娶了她。1963年，Rose 自杀身亡。

15. At three he knows about 1,000 words that he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. 3岁的时候，孩子就能够掌握约1000个词并且用这些词语组成句子，4岁的时候孩子的语言和父母在语法上基本没有差别，只是语言风格还不一样。

16. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission of the black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

17. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.科学家需要对动物权利倡导者做出有力的回应，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听,从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。

18. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.这就意味着要减少对北美市场的依赖，该市场的节目里包含了不同于我们的经历和文化传统。

19. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.因此，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。

20. I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming. 我认识那对夫妻，音乐从他们的房间传出来的。

21. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered cancer-causing genes , are inactive in normal cells. 在1970年代早期研究者们取得了很大的进步,当时他们发现致癌基因在正常细胞里是不活跃的。

22. It is difficult for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 对于年龄在四十岁以下的普通读者来说，很难甚至不可能想象到，当时能够在大部分城市报纸上找到质量很高的文艺评论文章。

23. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have likely done it out of curiosity or for sport. 当他们把不醒人事的落水者推到海岸上时他们可能更多的处于好奇心或者是为了运动。

24. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. 在梦中，一扇窗子打开了一个世界。在这个世界里，逻辑失去效用，死人开始说话。

25. The agency forwarded an endangerment finding to the White House, where senior officials promptly suppressed it, refusing even to open the e-mail to which it was attached. 这个机构向白宫递交了风险报告。而白宫的高官们立刻隐匿了这份报告，甚至拒绝打开附有这份报告的电子邮件。

26. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. 专家指出人按照固定的顺序并在一定的年龄进入说话阶段，但也有开始说话晚，最后成为高智商者的例子。

27. This depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀学语), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. (1993-TEXT1)这依赖于儿童与母亲的交流，在此过程中，母亲识别儿童咿呀学语，抓东西和微笑等的信号并对这些信号做出反应。

28. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.民权活动家一直认为为什么黑人、西班牙裔和其他少数群体难以在生意上立足的主要原因之一是他们难以取得大公司所提供的大宗定单。

29. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.这个理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它却将铁路部门处在一个决定哪些公司将会兴盛哪些会衰败的位置。

30. One day, he said, everyone would have a secure and private website on the internet on which their doctors could post their “scans, lab results, test results, visit minutes”.他说，有一天，每个人都将拥有一个安全的私人网页，其医生的扫描结果，化验报告，检测结果和就诊时间都可以张贴在这个网页上。

31. One day, he said, everyone would have a secure and private website to which the owner could grant certain people access.他说，有一天，每个人都将拥有一个安全的私人网页。其所有者可以授权某些人进入到这个网页。

32. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities are the aims of all social arrangements.我建议将我们的社会体系从一个官僚管理的工业化体系转变为以人为本的工业化体系。在前者中，最大化的生产和消费是最终的目标，而在后者中，人类及其潜能的充分发展才是所有社会活动的目标。

33. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.另一方面,许多医疗团体承认安乐死协助的争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

34. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.确实，有证据表明：个人的遗忘率与他学习的量有直接关系。

35. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio — the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can — is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world. 有这样一条经济原则：抚养率——即不能赚钱养活自己的人对能挣钱养家的人的依赖程度——在我们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要更有利。

36. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.但是并不意味着那些对毫无控制的工业发展表示忧虑的环境主义者也是反科学的，正如去年5月份一篇刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的文章似乎暗示过这样的例子。

37. Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.” 与此同时，许多定居者并没有戴恩那样虔诚，就像一位牧师在海边遇到一些人时听到的那样，那些人嘲弄说他们不是为了宗教来到新大陆的。"我们的主要目的是为了捕鱼。"

38. The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.尽管事实上教书通常是知识分子的谋生手段，但知识分子的定义同时也排除了大部分教师。

39. Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.孩子们在现代家庭里面可能得到的监管更少。 相比较来说在传统的家庭结构中，监管更普遍一些。

40. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site.用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址

41. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture.例如，美国人所说的朋友一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭。

42. The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.我们通常称之为天才的特性被高估了。

43. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. 要试图跟踪发展婴儿从发声到初次说话,会导致相当大的困难。

44. That sex ratio will be valid which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那种能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量的性别比例是有效的。

45. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space will be within our power.而且，通过这个时代所能带来的巨大财富与它说能提供的先进技术的结合，在外太空建造一个巨大的人造的世界是我们力所能及的。

模块五

1. That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious activity called remembering. (1995-TEXT5)经历会影响以后的行为是我们称之为记忆的一种明显的活动的证据。

2. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (1994-Translation75)政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于人们把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。

3. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.当然，这几乎等于说：那位科学家成了他自己论文的受害者。

4. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. (1998-TEXT2) 但更难以确定的是商业人士自认为领导的这场生产力革命是否确有其事。

5. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. 与猴子大脑相比，婴儿大脑之所以特殊在于其复杂的系统能使儿童把对玩具熊这样具体事物的视觉及感觉与“玩具熊”这个词语的声音模式连接起来。

6. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. (1995-TEXT3) 去哪里去寻求专家建议、以及如何决定接受哪些专家的建议是当今人们面临的问题。

7. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995-Translation72) 这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。(how well 表程度，常常翻译为“多么好，怎么样，在多大程度上”)

8. It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 设想物体、判断数字模式的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家的问题，这一点并不明显。

9. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman. (1990-TEXT2) 事实上，现今许多针对女性的歧视也消失了，银行和其他的金融机构的判断完全是基于商业目的而不关心其员工的性别。

10. It is said that it is a woman’s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children. (1988-TEXT3)据说/人们认为，照顾孩子是女性的天职，但是如今的家庭规模变小，孩子之间的年龄仅相差一两岁

11. It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. (1992 -Translation)人们普遍认为，高智商的人有这样一些特点：理解力强，辨别力强，逻辑推理能力强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。

12. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise that will require specific scientific answers.(这里that是一个主从，其中主语是questions,后面接有一个which引导的定从，被谓语will arise隔开。)不过，可以预见的是，将来会经常有需要科学给出特定回答的问题出现。

13. It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。

14. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. (1998 -TEXT5) 从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止不动的，在过去3000万年里都没有移动过。

15. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. (1989-TEXT3) 然而，如果城市还打算保持其良好的居住环境，不仅运输工具要改进，人类之间的交流也更有必要保持畅通和有礼貌，这一点十分必要。

16. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next. (00 text4)十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看做是生存的首要动力。然而，目前日本在很大程度上已经满足其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标。

17. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪跳转到新的创新轨道上。

18. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three.联邦巡回法院颁布一项非同寻常的法令，称此案将由该法院全部12位法官审理，而不是通常的三人小组。

19. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble.(1994年-TEXT 4) 第二，我们要决定是否在细胞中有有限的基因，这些基因至少要为这些麻烦负部分责任

20. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 相反，我们对美国公民有个特定的观念，即如果他不能恰当地评定自己的生计和幸福如何受到外界的影响，那么他就是不完整的。

21. If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. 如果一个人考虑到了提供的课程的庞大的种类，就不难理解对一个学生来说，选择一个最适合自己兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难的一件事。

22. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. 某些似乎跨越海洋的互相吻合的海岸线和地质特征会提醒人们这两个大陆曾经在哪里连在一起。

23. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被人类捕捞,所以现在和过去(海洋环境)的差别可能比捕捞大小的变化记录下来的的差别更大。

24. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories (1993 Translation) 你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。

25. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. (1995 Structure and Vocabulary19) 有那么一些人，他们认为值得怀疑的是：这些与防御有关的研究项目是否是生活水平改善的原因，或者从另一方面来说，这些研究项目是否可以为保护我们日益减少的资源作出很大贡献。

26. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。

27. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 译文:这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

28. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. 在 2005 年，IBM 在向法院提交的文件中指出，它已经被授予超过 300 的商业方法专利，尽管事实上它也质授予这些专利的法律依据。

29. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. 多年以来，经理们和猎头们都遵循这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO的侯选人是那些需要“挖”来的人

30. Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 有人表示担心，证人可能会受到鼓励，为了确保有罪的裁定而在法庭上夸大其辞。

31. “The most likely explanation, it seems to me,” said Dr. Mead, “is that they are simply watching what we are up to -- that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eye on us to see that we don’t set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects for outside our solar system.”(1989-TEXT1)米德博士称“在我看来，最可能的解释是他们只不过是看看我们在做什么——我们太阳系之外有责任心的社会正留意着我们，以确保我们不会触发某种连锁反应，从而给太阳系之外的星系造成意想不到的影响。”